{
  "study": "VPN website protection warnings",
  "collectedLocalDate": "2026-10-14",
  "timezone": "Africa/Nairobi",
  "browser": "Codex in-app browser; shared returning profile",
  "tunnel": "Proton WireGuard profiles managed with NetworkManager, not the native app",
  "summary": {
    "attempts": 36,
    "providers": 6,
    "conditions": 3,
    "passesPerCondition": 2,
    "qualityCounts": {
      "incomplete_capture": 1,
      "usable": 31,
      "unresolved_ip_fields": 2,
      "challenge": 2
    },
    "vpnAttempts": 24,
    "minimumObservationMs": 10181,
    "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:27.819Z",
    "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:47:30.783Z"
  },
  "routeChecks": [
    {
      "label": "ca-after",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:47:56.355655+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 3,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": true,
      "countries": [
        "United States"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": true
    },
    {
      "label": "ca-before",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:37:21.524229+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 3,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": true,
      "countries": [
        "United States"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": true
    },
    {
      "label": "de-after",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:37:11.758266+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 3,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": true,
      "countries": [
        "Germany"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": true
    },
    {
      "label": "de-before",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:26:08.337742+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 2,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": false,
      "countries": [
        "Germany"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": true
    },
    {
      "label": "de-dual-stack",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:32:46.668259+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 3,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": true,
      "countries": [
        "Germany"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": true
    },
    {
      "label": "native-after",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:25:56.678185+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 2,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": false,
      "countries": [
        "Kenya"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": false
    },
    {
      "label": "native-before",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:20:52.146261+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 2,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": false,
      "countries": [
        "Kenya"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": false
    },
    {
      "label": "restored-native",
      "at": "2026-10-13T21:47:58.359261+00:00",
      "successfulChecks": 3,
      "ipv4Agreement": true,
      "hasIPv6Echo": false,
      "countries": [
        "Kenya"
      ],
      "wireguardRoute": false
    }
  ],
  "observations": [
    {
      "provider": "surfshark",
      "url": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:22.123Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:27.819Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:48.233Z",
      "elapsedMs": 20414,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "incomplete",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "broad protection warning",
      "observedLabel": null,
      "quality": "incomplete_capture",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-surfshark-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-surfshark.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "nordvpn",
      "url": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "finalUrl": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:48.241Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:21:53.975Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:05.043Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11068,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "brand-specific status documented externally",
      "observedLabel": "Unprotected",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-nordvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-nordvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "expressvpn",
      "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:19.322Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:28.030Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:39.700Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11670,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-exposure warning",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is currently exposed.",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-expressvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-expressvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "proton",
      "url": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "finalUrl": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:39.712Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:44.320Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:55.357Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11037,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-visibility statement",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is visible to the websites you visit",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-proton-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-proton.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "finalUrl": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:55.366Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:22:59.837Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:10.627Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10790,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "Not using Mullvad VPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-mullvad-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-mullvad.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "ivpn",
      "url": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:20.705Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:23.895Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:34.773Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10878,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "not connected to IVPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r1-ivpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r1-ivpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "ivpn",
      "url": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:34.797Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:37.184Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:47.656Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10472,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "not connected to IVPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-ivpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-ivpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "finalUrl": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:47.662Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:23:49.434Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:00.334Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10900,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "Not using Mullvad VPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-mullvad-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-mullvad.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "proton",
      "url": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "finalUrl": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:27.214Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:31.335Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:42.795Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11460,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-visibility statement",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is visible to the websites you visit",
      "quality": "unresolved_ip_fields",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-proton-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-proton.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "expressvpn",
      "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:42.825Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:24:52.622Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:05.221Z",
      "elapsedMs": 12599,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-exposure warning",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is currently exposed.",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-expressvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-expressvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "nordvpn",
      "url": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "finalUrl": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:05.246Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:11.371Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:21.954Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10583,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "brand-specific status documented externally",
      "observedLabel": "Unprotected",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-nordvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-nordvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "surfshark",
      "url": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "native",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:34.134Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:39.937Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:25:50.908Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10971,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "broad protection warning",
      "observedLabel": "Not Protected",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": null,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/native-r2-surfshark-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/native-r2-surfshark.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "surfshark",
      "url": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://surfshark.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:23.746Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:28.314Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:39.252Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10938,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "broad protection warning",
      "observedLabel": "Not Protected",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv6"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-surfshark-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-surfshark.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "nordvpn",
      "url": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "finalUrl": "https://nordvpn.com/what-is-my-ip/",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:39.257Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:41.583Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:52.095Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10512,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "challenge",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "brand-specific status documented externally",
      "observedLabel": null,
      "quality": "challenge",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-nordvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-nordvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "expressvpn",
      "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:52.114Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:31:59.789Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:32:11.555Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11766,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-exposure warning",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is currently exposed.",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-expressvpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-expressvpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "proton",
      "url": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "finalUrl": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:08.180Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:12.775Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:24.335Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11560,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-visibility statement",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is visible to the websites you visit",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-proton-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-proton.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "finalUrl": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:24.347Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:28.314Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:33:38.872Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10558,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "Not using Mullvad VPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-mullvad-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-mullvad.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "ivpn",
      "url": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 1,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:01.760Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:05.506Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:15.898Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10392,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "not connected to IVPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv6"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r1-ivpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r1-ivpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "ivpn",
      "url": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.ivpn.net/en/",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:15.910Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:18.316Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:28.814Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10498,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "not connected to IVPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv6"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r2-ivpn-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r2-ivpn.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "mullvad",
      "url": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "finalUrl": "https://mullvad.net/en/check",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:34:59.701Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:03.608Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:14.009Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10401,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "explicit own-service connection status",
      "observedLabel": "Not using Mullvad VPN",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": false,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r2-mullvad-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r2-mullvad.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "proton",
      "url": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "finalUrl": "https://protonvpn.com/what-is-my-ip-address",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:14.481Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:18.854Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:30.110Z",
      "elapsedMs": 11256,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-visibility statement",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is visible to the websites you visit",
      "quality": "usable",
      "expectedExitVisible": true,
      "matchedAddressFamilies": [
        "IPv4"
      ],
      "baselineIPVisible": false,
      "rawEvidence": "evidence/de-r2-proton-raw.txt",
      "screenshot": "evidence/de-r2-proton.jpg"
    },
    {
      "provider": "expressvpn",
      "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "finalUrl": "https://www.expressvpn.com/what-is-my-ip",
      "condition": "de",
      "round": 2,
      "navigationStartedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:47.062Z",
      "startedAt": "2026-10-13T21:35:52.477Z",
      "finishedAt": "2026-10-13T21:36:03.168Z",
      "elapsedMs": 10691,
      "cacheDisabled": true,
      "status": "readable",
      "error": null,
      "cleanProfile": false,
      "scope": "IP-exposure warning",
      "observedLabel": "Your IP address is currently exposed.",
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}